Scattering by two-dimensional rough surfaces: comparison between the method of moments, Kirchhoff and small-slope approximations

We use a rigorous numerical code based on the method of moments to test the accuracy and validity domains of two popular first-order approximations, namely the Kirchhoff and the small-slope approximation (SSA), in the case of two-dimensional rough surfaces. The experiment is performed on two representative types of surfaces: surfaces with Gaussian spectrum, which are the paradigm of single-scale surfaces, and ocean-like surfaces, which belong to the family of multi-scale surfaces. The main outcome of these computations in the former case is that the SSA is outperformed by the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) outside the near-perturbative domain and in fact is quite unpredictable in that its accuracy does not depend only on the slope. For oceanlike surfaces, however, SSA behaves surprisingly well and is more accurate than the KA. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)